The Technical Functions of Artifacts and Their Encounter with Social Constructivism in Technology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52712/issn.1850-0013-1086Keywords:
philosophy of technology, proper technical functions, latent technical functions, technical artifacts, social constructivismAbstract
This work comprises two linked parts. In the first part, two basic senses concerning the concept of function are analyzed: the historical sense and the non-historical one. Based on these materials, it is suggested a concept of technical function to be applied to the realm of technical artifacts. In the second part, it is analyzed the mode according to which social constructivism in technology focuses the conditions of reception and use of technical artifacts. The key of this second part consists of showing how social constructivism deny the thesis that technical artifacts realize certain technical proper functions in order to accomplish some objectives according to which were designed, produced and marketed.
Downloads
References
AIBAR, E. (1996): “La vida social de las máquinas: orígenes, desarrollo y perspectivas actuales en la sociología de la tecnología”, Reis, 76/96, 141-170.
AKRICH, M. (1992): “The De-scription of Technichal Objects”, en Bijker, W. E. y Law, J. (eds), (1992), Shaping Technology/Building Society. Studies in Sociotechnical Change, Cambridge (Mass.), The MIT Press, 259-264.
ALLEN, C.; BEKOFF, M. (1995): “Biological Function, Adaptation, and Natural Design”, Philosophy of Science, 62, 609-22.
ALLEN, C.; BEKOFF, M.; LAUDER, G. [eds.] (1998): Nature’s Purposes. Analyses of Function and Design in Biology, Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press.
AMUNDSON, R; LAUDER, G. (1994): “Function without Purpose: The Uses of Causal Role Function in Evolutionary Biology”, Biology and Philosophy, 9, 443-69.
ASHMORE, M. (1989): The Reflexive Thesis: Whighting Sociology of Scientific Knowledge, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
BEDAU, M. (1991): “Can Biological Teleology Be Naturalized?”, Journal of Philosophy, 88, 647-55.
BIGELOW J.; PARGETTER R. (1987): “Functions”, Journal of Philosophy, 84, 181-197.
BIJKER, W.E. (1995): On Bicycles, Bakelite, and Bulbs. Elements for a Theory of Socio-Technical Change, Cambridge (Mass.), The MIT Press.
BIJKER, W.E. (1993): “Do Not Despair: There is Life After Constructivism”, Science, Technology and Human Values, 18, 113-38.
BIJKER, W.E. (1987): “The Social Construction of Bakelite: Toward a Theory of Invention”, en Bijker, W. E., Pinch, T. y Hughes T. P. (1987), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., MIT¸159-190.
BIJKER, W. E.; PINCH, T. y HUGHES, T. P. (1987): The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.
BIJKER, W. E.; LAW, J. (eds), (1992): Shaping Technology/Building Society. Studies in Sociotechnical Change, Cambridge (Mass.), The MIT Press.
BIJKER, W. E.; PINCH, T. (2002): “SCOT Answers, Other Questions. A Reply to Nick Clayton”, en Technology and Culture, April 2002, Vol. 43, 361-370.
BRONCANO, F. (2000): Mundos artificiales. Filosofía del cambio tecnológico, México, Paidós.
BUNGE, M. (2000): La relación entre la sociología y la filosofía, Madrid, EDAF.
BUNGE, M. (1985): Treatise on Basic Philosophy, Vol. VII: Philosphy of Science and Technology.Part II: Life Science, Social Science and Technology, Dordrecht-Boston, Reidel.
CALLON, M. (1987): “Society in the Making: The Study of Technology as a Tool for Sociological Analysis”, Bijker, W.E., Pinch, T.J. y Hughes, T.P. (eds.), The Social Construction of Technological Systems. New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 1987: 83-103.
CALLON, M. (1986), “The Sociology of an Actor-Network: The Case of the Electric Vehicle”, en M. Callon, J. Law y A. Rip (eds.) (1986), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World, London, Macmillan.
CALLON, M.; LATOUR, B. (1992): “Don’t Throw the Baby Out with the Bath School! A Reply to Collins and Yearly” en A. Pickering (ed) (1992), Science as Practice and Culture, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 346-368.
CARRIER, M. (2000): “Multiplicity and Heterogeneity: On the Relations between Functions and their Realizations”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 31, 179-191.
CHRISTENSEN, W.; BICKHARD, M. (2002): “The Process Dynamics of Normative Function”, The Monist, 85, No. 1, 3-28.
CLAYTON, N. (2002): “SCOT: Does it Answer?”, Technology and Culture, April 2002, vol. 43, 351-360.
CRAVER, C. (2000): “Role Functions, Mechanisms, and Hierarchy”, Philosophy of Science, 68, 53-74.
CUEVAS, A. (2000): Caracterización del conocimiento tecnológico y su desarrollo: hacia una epistemología de las ciencias ingenieriles, Tesis doctoral, Universidad del País Vasco.
CUMMINS, R. (1983): The Nature of Psychological Explanation, Cambridge, MA., The MIT Press.
CUMMINS, R. (1975): “Functional Analysis”, Journal of Philosophy, 72, 747-65.
DENNETT, D. (2001): “The evolution of culture”, The Monist, 84, No. 3, 305-324.
DENNETT, D. (1996): Kinds of Minds, Wiedenfeld & Nicholson, London.
DENNETT, D. (1995): Darwin´s Dangereous Idea: Evolution and he Meanings of Life, New York, Allen Lane and Penguin Books.
DENNETT, D. (1990): “The Interpretation of Texts, People and other Artifacts”, Philosophy and Phenomenology Research, 1, Supp. Fall 1990, 177-93.
DENNETT, D. (1987): The Intentional Stance, Basil Blackwell, New York.
ELLUL, J. (1977): Le système technicien, Paris, Calmann-Levy.
ELLUL, J. (1962): “The Technological Order”, Technology and Culture, No 3, 394-421.
ELLUL, J. (1954), El siglo XX y la técnica, Barcelona, Labor.
FEENBERG, A. (1999): Questioning Technology, New York, Routledge.
FEENBERG, A. (1996): “Marcuse or Habermas: Two Critiques of Technology”, Inquiry, 39, 1, 45-70.
FEENBERG, A. (1991): Critical Theory of Technology, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
FLECK, J. (1993): “Configurations: Crystallizing Contingency”, The International Journal of Human Factors in Manufacturing, 3 (1), 15-36.
GIBSON, J. (1982): Reasons for Realism: Selected Essays, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
GIBSON, J. (1979): The Ecological Approach to Perception, London, Houghton Mifflin.
GODFREY-SMITH, P. (2002): “On the Evolution of Representational and Interpretive Capacities”, The Monist, 85, No. 1, 50-69.
GODFREY-SMITH, P. (1994): “A Modern History Theory of Functions”, Noûs, 28:3, 344-62.
GODFREY-SMITH, P. (1993): “Functions: Consensus Without Unity”, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 74, 196-208.
GRIFFITHS, P. (1993): “Functional Analysis and Proper Function”, Brithish Journal of Philosophy of Science, 44, 409-22.
GRINT, K.; WOOLGAR, S. (1992): “Computers, Guns, and Roses: What’s Social about Being Shot?”, Science, Technology and Human Values, 17, No. 3, 366-380.
GRINT, K.; WOOLGAR, S. (1997): The Machine at Work, Cambridge, Polity.
HEILBRONER, R. L. (1967): “Do Machines Make History?”, Technology and Culture, 8: 335-345.
HUGHES, T.P. (1987): “The Evolution of Large Technological Systems” en Bijker W., Pinch, T. y Hughes, T.P. (eds.) (1987), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology of Knowledge, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.
HUGHES, T.P. (1983), Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930, Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press.
HUTCHBY, I. (2001):”Technologies, Texts and Affordances”, Sociology, 35, No 2, 444-456.
KITCHER, P. (1993): “Function and Design”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 18, 379-397.
KLING, R. (1992): "Audience, Narratives, and Human Values in Social Studies of Technology", Science, Technology and Human Values, 17, 349-65.
LATOUR, B. (1992): "Where Are the Missing Masses? The sociology of a Few Mundane Artifacts" en Bijker, W. E. y Law, J. (eds), (1992), Shaping Technology/Building Society. Studies in Sociotechnical Change, Cambridge (Mass.), The MIT Press, 225-258.
LATOUR, B. (1989): Nunca hemos sido Modernos. Ensayo de Antropología Simétrica, Madrid, Debate.
LATOUR, B. (1987): Science in action, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.
LEWENS, T. (2002): "Adaptationism and Engineering", Biology and Philosophy 17, 1-13.
LEWENS, T. (2000): "Function Talk and the Artefact Model", Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 31, No. 1, 95-111.
MAHNER, M.; Bunge, M. (2001): "Function and Functionalism: A Synthetic Perspective", Philosophy of Science, 68, 75-94.
MAHNER, M.; Bunge, M. (2000): Philosophiche Grundlagen der Biologie, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag.
MAHNER, M.; Bunge, M. (1997): Foundations of Biophilosophy, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer-Verlag.
MARCUSE, H. (1972): El hombre unidimensional. Ensayo sobre la ideología de la sociedad industrial avanzada, Barcelona, Seix Barral.
MATTHEN, M. (1997): "Teleology and the Product Analogy", Australasian Journal of Philosophy 75, 21-37.
MATTHEN, M.; LEVY, E. (1984): "Teleology, Error, and the Human Immune System", Journal of Philosophy, 96, 191-206.
MILLIKAN, R. G. (1999): "Wings, Spoons, Pills and Quills", The Journal of Philosophy, 96, 1999:191-206.
MILLIKAN, R. G. (1995): "Propensities, Exaptations, and the Brain", en R. G.
MILLIKAN, R. G. (1995): White Queen Psychology and Others Essays for Alice, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 31-50.
MILLIKAN, R. G. (1994): “In Defence of Proper Functions”, en R. G. Millikan (1995), White Queen Psychology and Others Essays for Alice, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 13-29.
MILLIKAN, R. G. (1989): “Biosemantics”, en R. G. Millikan (1995), White Queen Psychology and Others Essays for Alice, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 83-101.
MILLIKAN,, R. G. (1984): Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.
MILLS, S.; BEATTY, J. (1979): “The Propensity Interpretation of Fitness”, Philosophy of Science, 46, 263-86.
MULKAY, M. (1985): The word and the world: Explorations in the form on sociological analysis, Londres, Allens & Unwin.
NEANDER, K. (1995): “Misrepresenting & Malfunctioning”, Philosophical Studies, 79, 109-41.
NEANDER, K. (1991a): “The Teleological Notion of “Function””, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 69, 454-68.
NEANDER, K. (1991b): “Functions as Selected Effects: The Conceptual Analyst´s Defence”, Philosophy of Science, 58, 168-84.
OGBURN, W. F. (1964): On Culture and Social Change: Selected Papers, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, Duncan.
PINCH, T. (1988): “Understanding Technology: Some Possible Implications of Work in the Sociology of Science”, en Elliot, B. (ed.) (1988), Technology and Social Process, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 70-83.
PINCH, T.; BIJKER, W. E. (1987): “The Social Construction of Facts and Artifacts: Or How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Technology Might Benefit Each Other”, en Bijker, W. E, Pinch, T. y Hughes, T. P. (1987), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 17-50.
PRESTON, B. (1998): “Why is a Wing like a Spoon? A Pluralist Theory of Function”, The Journal of Philosophy, 95, 215-54.
QUINTANILLA, M. A. (1993): “The Design and Evaluation of Technologies: Some Conceptual Issues”, en K. Mitcham (ed.) (1993), Philosophy of Technology in Spanish Speaking Countries, Philosophy and Technology Vol. 10, 173-195, Boston-Dordrecht, Kluwer.
QUINTANILLA, M. A.; BRAVO, A. (1998): Cultura Tecnológica e Innovación, Informe para COTEC, Salamanca.
QUINTANILLA, M. A. (1998): “Técnica y Cultura”, Teorema, XVII/3, 49-69.
QUINTANILLA, M. A. (1989a), Tecnología. Un enfoque filosófico, Madrid, Fundesco.
RAPPERT, B. (2001): "The Distribution and Resolution of the Ambiguities of Technology, or Why Bobby Can't Spray", Social Studies of Science, 31, No 4, 557-91.
RATCLIFFE, M. (2001): "A Kantian Stance on the Intentional Stance", Biology and Philosophy, 16, 29-52.
RATCLIFFE, M. (2000): "The Function of Function", Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 31, 113-133.
REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA (1992): Diccionario de la Lengua Española, Madrid, Espasa-Calpe.
ROSENMAN, M.; GERO, J. (1998): "Purpose and function in design: from the socio-cultural to the technophysical", Design Studies, 19, 161-186.
RUSE, M. (1982): "Teleology Redux", en J. Agassi y R. Cohen (eds.), Scientific Philosophy Today: Essays in Honor of Mario Bunge, vol. 67 of Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Dordrecht-Reidel, 299-309.
SALMON, W. (1984): Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
SIMON, H. (1969): The Sciences of the Artificial, Cambridge, Mass., Cambridge, MIT Press. SOBER, E. (1994): Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press.
TITLES, M.; OBERDIEK, R. (1995): Living in a technological culture, Londres, Routledge.
VEGA, J. (2002): "Estudios (sociales) de la ciencia (y la tecnología)", manuscrito.
VEGA, J. (1996): Epistemología de las técnicas, Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Salamanca.
WALSH, D. M. (1996): "Fitness and Function", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 47, 553-574.
WALSH, D. M.; ARIEW, A. (1996): "A Taxonomy of Functions", Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 26, 483-514.
WHITE, Lyn, Jr. (1966): Medieval Technology and Social Change, New York, Oxford University Press.
WIMSATT, W. (1997): "Functional Organization, Functional Analogy, and Functional Inference", Evolution and Cognition, 3, 102-132.
WIMSATT, W.; BEARDSLEY, M. (1946): "The international Fallacy", The Sewance Review, 54, 468-488.
WINNER, L. (1993): "Social Constructivism: Opening the black box and finding it empty", Science as Culture, 3, Part 3, No. 16, 427-52.
WINNER, L. (1992): "Citizen Virtues in a Technological Order", Inquiry, 33, 341-61.
WINNER, L. (1987): La ballena y el reactor. Una búsqueda de los límites en la era de la alta tecnología, Barcelona, Gedisa.
WINNER, L. (1980): “Do Artifacts Have Politics?”, en Daedalus, Vol. 109, Nº 1 (Winter 1980), 121-36..
WINNER, L. (1979): Tecnología autónoma. La tecnología como objeto de pensamiento político, Barcelona, Gustavo Gili.
WRIGHT, L. (1976): Teleological Explanations, Berkeley, University of California Press.
WRIGHT, L. (1973): “Functions”, Philosophical Review, LXXXII, 139-68.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 CC Attribution 4.0

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All CTS's issues and academic articles are under a CC-BY license.
Since 2007, CTS has provided open and free access to all its contents, including the complete archive of its quarterly edition and the different products presented in its electronic platform. This decision is based on the belief that offering free access to published materials helps to build a greater and better exchange of knowledge.
In turn, for the quarterly edition, CTS allows institutional and thematic repositories, as well as personal web pages, to self-archive articles in their post-print or editorial version, immediately after the publication of the final version of each issue and under the condition that a link to the original source will be incorporated into the self-archive.